The World War I ( 1914-1918 ) - 854 Words

â€Å"World War I [1914-1918] brought about many significant changes in the aviation field. At the start of World War One, aircraft were very basic and crude. By the time World War One had ended, aircraft had become far more sophisticated and had differentiated into fighters, bombers and long-range bombers. The development of aircraft was stimulated by the war’s requirements, as was the way aircraft were actually used† (â€Å"Aircraft and World War One†). At the start of the war, aircraft was thought to be an insignificant asset. Because of this, planes were typically only used for monitoring, rather than attacking the enemy, as well as the world’s first ever aerial photography. If ever enemy aircraft came in contact, by chance, the encounter was typically crude due to lack of training, but deadly. By the end of WWI, though, there was no comparison in the aircraft going into and coming out of the war. At the beginning of the war, aircraft typically only held one passenger, sometimes two. In order for a bomb execution to take place, the pilot, and/or co-pilot, would simply drop a bomb in the general direction of the enemy in hopes of hitting the correct target. By the end of the war, what are known as long-range-bombers were introduced. These aircrafts were much larger and were known for their accuracy. This proves that what was thought to be an insignificant development turned into a great asset within only four years. Besides the significant changes in combat strategies, theShow MoreRelatedWorld War I ( 1914-1918 ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagestime. World War means a war that affects the whole world; it specially involves and destroys the most powerful and biggest nations of the time. It is a war on such a huge scale that affects also countries of different parts of the world, it lasts for multiple years. So far only two events that happened on a huge scale that humanity has never seen before the 20th century and have been labeled as World War; those are World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945). The term World War III isRead MoreWorld War I ( 1914-1918 )2472 Words   |  10 PagesWorld War I (1914-1918) was the first war to involve almost all of Europe; Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia all participated. The war wiped out a significant amount of the young generation and changed politics, economics and public opinion in Europe for decades to come. While many countries had a role in the war’s outbreak, Germany probably bore the greatest responsibility due to three factors. The Germans had pushed for war since the founding of the modern GermanRead MoreWorld War I ( 1914-1918 )2071 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction World War I (1914-1918), as one of the most destructive global conflicts that ever happened in human history, has not only left 17 million hot-blooded idealistic young men returning home in urns of cold cremation ashes, buried in tears of their heartbroken parents, but also has left the post-World War I society haunted by people’s profound doubt towards the past as a source of barbarous and inhuman atrocities. Therefore, instead of looking back to the past that was significantly woundedRead MoreWar I ( 1914-1918 ) And World War II ( 1939-1945 )1407 Words   |  6 Pagesand most destructive wars human civilization had to see. World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945). Both of these wars had massive impact on civilized world. It didn’t start in one day. In the beginning of 20th century there were a lot of things going on in Europe. Unfortunately people of the Europe and the rest of the world had to suffer for some country’s disbelieve. There wasn’t just one cause instead there were several causes that brought whole world into war. Militarism is one ofRead MoreWorld War I (1914-1918) Was A War That Changed World History1841 Words   |  8 PagesWorld War I (1914-1918) was a war that changed world history forever. The technological, industrial, social and political advances that took place at beginning of the 20th century paved the way for today s world. And the parties involved in World War I used those advances to create one of the first modern wars. For those reasons World War I is referred to as many things including, an industrial war, a war of attrition, and as a total war. These aspects is what makes the war so revolutionary andRead MoreWorld War I, Took Place Between The Periods 1914 To 1918.1437 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I, took place between the periods 1914 to 1918. During this period, the British had already settled in India and were oppressing the local Indians. When the war broke out, they asked the Indian soldiers to take part in the war with a promise of Independence if they emerged victoriously. The Indians kept their word and sent their soldiers to war and even became successful, but the British did not keep their end of the deal. They failed to grant India their independence and continued to oppressRead MoreWorld War I ( Wwi )959 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I (WWI) had many main events from 1914 – 1918. It was known as the Great War and the war to end all wars. It also introduced us to many new technology to including Barbed wire, machine guns, artillery, poison gas, airships, aircraft s, new naval vessels and tanks. All these wartime machines and equipment resulted in unprecedented carnage and destruction, with more than 9 million soldiers killed by the end of the war. This First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in EuropeRead MoreThe First World War I Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe First World War was a global war that start ed in Europe and lasted from 1914 to 1918. It was one of the deadliest war which caused many political changes including revolution in some of the countries involved. It all started when a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. This was done in protest to Austria-Hungary having control over the region. Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia which led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. This caused Russia to get involvedRead MoreThe Failure of the Schlieffen Plan and Its Effects on the German Defeat on the Western Front924 Words   |  4 PagesIts Effects on the German Defeat on the Western Front By the spring of 1914, imperial Germany was spoiling for war. Germany’s leaders were determined to break up the Triple Entente of Britain, France Russia that had isolated Germany in Europe thwarted its territorial ambitions. And when Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated on June 28 1914 it gave Kaiser Wilhelm the reason to declare war. In the diplomatic controversy growing out of the assassination, the KaiserRead MoreImpact Of World War I On Women s Roles1517 Words   |  7 PagesAsmeeta Singh Assess the impact of World War I on the role of women in Australian society. In assessing the impact of World War 1 on women’s roles in Australian society, it is clearly obvious that there was no great effect. Women took on a great deal of responsibility when men were at war and many aspects were discovered about women’s abilities and many injustices were also created, which revolved around women, their jobs and the rest of their daily lives. According to https://womenshistory.net

Mental Health And Substance Abuse - 805 Words

Dual diagnosis In mental health and substance abuse, we must understand which problem is first. When working with individuals who are experiencing substance abuse problems to counteract the effects of a mental illness will attempt to treat themselves, instead of seeking out proper medical care. Dual diagnosis is a term used to define the client who experiences a mental illness and a substance abuse problem at the same time (NAMI, 2015). Since dual diagnosis covers broad categories the illness may range from mild depression, bipolar, schzipheria, or post-traumatic stress disorder (NAMI, 2015). Whereas, when a person who is expressing severe depression episode in their life they may look for a substance that can be obtained to feel better. Since mental illness carries a stigma in today’s society, a person may feel that they are a failure and that the only way they can feel normal is to use a drug that is not prescribed by a medical doctor. A person who feels that life holds no meaning, or experiences manic depression, or manic episodes because of a mental illness such as bipolar, may find a chemical drug that allows for the person to experience a purposeful life. However, to be able to completely understand why a person chooses to use a chemical compound to feel better, we must understand is it the substance abuse that causes the mental illness, or is it the mental illness the cause. Mental illness and substance abuse does not start and end at a certain age in life, or affectShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Mental Health2045 Words   |  9 PagesSubstance abuse and mental health issues affect millions of adolescents and adults in the United States. An estimated 24.6 million individuals aged 12 or older were current illicit drug users in 2013; including 2.2 million adolescents aged 12 to 17. In 2013, 60.1 million individuals aged 12 or older were past month binge drinkers, including 1.6 million adolescents. In Kansas, the percentage of people over the age of 18 with mental illnesses is about 18.2% which is similar to the national averageRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Mental Health Problems877 Words   |  4 PagesFINAL PROJECT 2 Introduction Substance abuse and mental health problems are serious issues in our society. These problems appear to be associated, so it is necessary to look at both and how they interact (Ramchand). Substance abuse can bring about or exacerbate existing mental health problems, including suicidal ideation and attempts. Medical professionals cannot begin to resolve the issue of substance abuse related suicidal ideation or attempts unless they have an effective solutionRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Mental Health Disorders Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2014, approximately 4,152 women under supervision in community corrections under the Colorado Division of Criminal Justice: 50.40% have a clinically diagnosable mental illness, greater than 60% were treated for substance abuse (Community Corrections Profile, 2014). Co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders is further complicated by a high prevalence of trauma histories in women in corrections (Lynch et al., 2012). The presence of intersecting co-occurring disorders and trauma mayRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse And Mental Health2223 Words   |  9 PagesWisconsin Population Health Institute: School of Medicine and Public Health named Hamilton County, Indiana (IN) as the best county in the state regarding socioeconomic status and health. The high school graduation rate is 92% compared to 87% overall in IN. The violent crime rate is 48 per 100,000 while the state rate was 329. The median household income is $88,429 compared to $46,954. Despite all the positive things about Hamilton County, health concerns and access to certain health care needs stillRead MoreMental Health And Substance Abuse Disorders2656 Words   |  11 Pagesresearchers have paid attention to behavioral health problems due to significant burden of morbidity and disability, as well as health care cost. The term behavioral health refers to a state of mental or emotional being and choices and actions that affect wellness. It encompasses both mental health and substance use, including such as depression, substance abuse or misuse, serious psychological distress, and suicide (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2011). In 2012, an estimatedRead MoreHomelessness And Mental Health And Substance Abuse878 Words   |  4 Pagesdramatically, tripling in 182 cities over the court of the 1980s (Bagenstos, 2012). In addition, mental health and substance abuse is a major problem in across the country because of homelessness. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,20 to 25% of the homeless population in the United States suffers from some form of severe mental illness (DMHAS, 2014). Consequently, mental illnesses disrupt people’s ability to carry out key aspects of daily life, such as self-careRead MoreThe Federal Substances Abuse And Mental Health874 Words   |  4 PagesIs essential to attain and improve of the mental health in population. Because mental disorder is dependable for a high degree of burden, it is fundamental that efficient preventive and promotional actions be taken in mental health to decrease the impact of mental disorders on the residents and communities. Over all, mental health assistances focusing on the strategy prevents the illness itself to mainly treatments and recovery centers which varies primary, secondary, and tertiary and depends onRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Mental Health Association1098 Words   |  5 PagesReported heroin use in the United States is rising. Recent data suggest that almost 700,000 Americans consumed heroin last year, which represents an almost 40% increase from 2007 (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Association, 2014; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Association, 2008). An overwhelming increase in the dependence on prescription opioid analgesics over the last two decades combined with a supply heavy market of high quality-low cost heroin imported from South America may be concurrentRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Mental Health Administration3352 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction According to the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, tobacco use in America starts during youth and young adulthood. 88% of adults who smoke tobacco said that they began smoking or using tobacco products before the age of 18. The use of tobacco products causes many deathly body affects such as lung cancer and heart diseases. Another substance that is popular among youth is the drug called marijuana. In America, over 10% of people ages twelve to seventeen smoke marijuanaRead MoreMental Health Care And Substance Abuse Treatment1886 Words   |  8 PagesDrug addiction is a disease of the brain and a lot of times individuals who suffer with addiction also have other mental disorders. For individuals suffering with both one issue becomes very hard to treat because another issue is intertwined. Anyone who is entering a treatment program should be assessed for the co- occurrence of both substance use and a mental disorder. Research has proven that treating both (or mu ltiple) illnesses at the same time in an integrated fashion is generally the best

Religion and Belief in Reservation Blues free essay sample

An analysis of the book Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the book Reservation Blues, by Sherman Alexie. Specifically, it looks at the musical poem at the beginning of the chapter My God Has Dark Skin, and how it relates to the beliefs and religion of the characters throughout the book. These words tell the story of how the Native Americans had to give up their beliefs, and their religion for the white mans religion, in the name of modernity and Christianity. The numerous Native American tribes each had a complex religious system, made up of folk tales, and a wide variety of gods and goddesses. Yet, when the white men came and took over the Indian lands, they tried to convert them to the true religion of Christianity, while they gave up their old ways and beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Belief in Reservation Blues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Culture - Health - and Illness

Question: Discuss about culture and health care? Answer: The overall project has depicted the aspects of culture in respect of health for the inhabitants that are resident of the particular area. Therefore in the first instance the aspects of the health according to the terms represented in the report are as follows: Genotype: The cultural and the health aspects of this respective wiki are as follows: The major cause of the bloodstream infections and the health are poorly defined in respect of the culture of the society. Urban hospitals have isolated the recovery from the consecutive aspects of the fact of genotype patients. These respective infections are poorly defined. The prevalence as well as the risk factors has been assessed. Characteristics of the cases have evaluated the aspects of HIV seropositive. 107 cases have segmented the activities of health care. Shamanism: In context of the present world the aspects of the shamanism is attributed to measure the impact of the respective transcendental energies into the world. The aspects for this respective wiki are as follows: Ritual practices have generated the significance of health and cultural aspects. The accession in the respective world of benevolent as well as malevolent spirits has accustomed the respective trance of divination upon which the cultural aspects have determined. The aspects have deliberately considered the aspects of Proto-Tunguisic According to the culture and the health aspects the tribes has followed the control regarding the hunting, gathering the foods as well as fishing. The aspects of hunting fishing and activities of gathering the foods have helped the inhabitants ensuing physical fitness. But health problems like arthritis have been accustomed among the inhabitants. Adaptations: It is the only process of adjusting the messages of health in order to percept the health care diseases. The stages of adaptation are as follows: Initiative for community aspects of ethno cultural factors has followed. It is ensured from the aspects that accounts intended factors of adapting the changes. Incorporation of different cultural aspects has accounted audience. Poor aspects are chosen to indemnify the aspects of the adapting procedure to implement the collateral purpose of the inhabitants. Animism: Animism is basically utilized in the case of regional anthropology. It can be termed as the belief process of the tribal community. The Animism states or showcases the spiritual perspective of the tribal people. It has been observed that animistic viewpoint is so ordinary. Sharing views through the body language is the part of animism approach. Medical Wheel Medical wheel also showcase some cultural attributes of the society. It has been found in many cases that medical wheels are used as symbol of any particular issue. Medical wheel also can be represented as the monument or such types of architectures. Medical wheels are basically made by maintaining a particular pattern. Directions of these structures are the very important. Four Noble Truths Four Noble truths are basically oriented on the basis of Buddhism. The termDukkha is basically penetrating the concept of dissatisfaction in life. The theory also highlights the conceptual framework of life. Various concepts of the life like rebirth and dissatisfaction also have been highlighted. Atman The term Atman is associated with all Brahmans present globally. Atman is a Sanskrit word. It is the part of Hindu philosophy. It was the first principle described in the Veda. Ethnography: Explorations of the different unstructured data are regarded to interpret the actions of human beings Here the explanation of both aspects has been considered so that it can measure the aspects of the different perspectives in order to control the aspects of tacit elements projects. Identification of rules as well as rituals. Free exchange of ideas has been analyzed for participating more covertly. Positivistic approach has been rejected to attain the cultural aspects of ethnography. Capitalist medicine: The basic availability of successive treatments has considered the control considering the medicine used in the capitalist economy of the country. Influential factors have been considered upon the scientific technology. It has to be accustomed that all the aspects of the medicine cannot cure all the problems of the health. Biomedical and the aspects of traditional health have summoned the factors of the capitalist medicine. The traditional penetration has accumulated the aspects of covering the variation of different perspective of using medicine. Culture Competencies: The competency has been considered to achieve the aspects that can collaterally possess the health care activities among the inhabitants. The aspects have been considered the approaches are as follows: Actual controls regarding the culture and health have to be examined regularly. Thus can be achieved through the aspects of the in depth survey methods in controlling the respective grouping of the health perspectives. The illness faced by the folks has determined the aspects of sensitive care provided by the researcher. Ayurvedic Medicine Ayurvedic Medicine is an important aspect of the medical science. Ayurvedic products have been used as medicine for a long period of time. Various parts of green plants are used for making Ayurvedic medicine. Many incurable diseases like Cancer can be cured by the help of Ayurvedic medicine. Bio psychological Model Bio psychological model is the part of the human psychology. Through the model behavioural attributes of human being can be identified. Psychological concepts of the human being also can be judged. Nosology The word has been come from Greek history. The concept is mainly focuses on the analysis fof various diseases. Sick Role Sick Role is associated with medical science. The concept is basically highlighting any particular diseases. The concept also showcases some norms for preventing all those diseases. References: 1. Hinshelwood R, Skogstad W. Observing Organisations. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge; 2010. 2. Helman C. Culture, Health, And Illness. London: Hodder Arnold; 2007. 3. Savage G, Chilingerian J, Powell M. International Health Care Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI; 2005. 4. Boykin A, Schoenhofer S, Valentine K. Health Care System Transformation For Nursing And Health Care Leaders.

Destiny Danielle Waters Multicultural Perspectives Essays (1014 words)

Destiny Danielle Waters Multicultural Perspectives Professor Oropall April 2018 Book Report I chose to read A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini, an Afghan American writer born in Afghanistan in 1965. Khaled grew up during the time of bloody communist war while the Soviet Army invaded his country which is why I believe he ' s based his first and second book in the 1960 ' s to the 2000 ' s as a parallel to his own life. While reading this immensely detailed book, I learned that the Afghani community is very heavily sexist as evident by the way Rasheed treats Mariam, Laila and her daughter Aziza. Rasheed has the mindset that a woman ' s only role is to do household chores, pamper and take care of the man of the house and produce baby boys. Granted the time era of the book is the early sixties into the new millennium, but I was very aware of the fact that Rasheed ' s mentality and understanding of a woman ' s place in the home was the mentality of many men- even in todays day and age. When I first read A Thousand Splendid Suns, it was most definitely a culture shock to me because I really only knew the inner workings of the hispanic culture I come from. It was hard to read and realize that the mistreatment of women and young girls is so very prevalent in Afghanistan and countries like that one as well as the fact it is so widely accepted in their culture. My knowledge of the Taliban and organizations of the like is very limited but I was able to relate back to what I learned in high school with relevance to how the justice system works in strikingly different ways for women and men. For example, men have the right to divorce, beat and/or kill their wives for literally anything they see fit and the death of the woman would be blamed on her own actions even if she was to say, be defending herself from her own abusive husband on the verge of killing a young girl. I was surprised at the amount of words I did not understand because Khaled included many words in farsi alongside the rest of the english words. Mainly it was a surprise because there was not much of an explanation of what the words meant but I feel as though that helped to really get any reader, including myself, deeply immersed into the bookend the culture he was trying to have us understand. I would not necessarily say that my belief system was challenged but that is only because I believe in energies and karma. So in all honesty reading this from that perceptive and not from a heavily religious eye allowed me to be open and nonjudgemental of the things that were presented in all aspects of the literature. However I was in awe at how much detail he provided in relation to the more disturbing parts of the book because many times authors just skip over those parts because they may make the reader uncomfortable and that may not always be received well by critics and readers alike. In a way, I did gain a bit of a better und erstanding of skills one and two because there are many examples of how the skill can be related to. I was able to see how the Afghani culture was indeed a very intricate multi level one and the relationships demonstrated clearly how it was very different from my own future. I appreciated being able to learn so much from this book alone and it was great way to interpret skill one since I could see how even the communication varied so much from American mainstream culture. When it comes to skill two, I could see exactly how some of the barriers played a large part in the Afghani culture. For example, stress and discrimination were very prominent in the part of the book about Mariam and her life as well with Laila and Aziza since Rasheed was explicitly discriminatory toward his wives for not being able to have kids (Mariam) and for having a

Average National SAT Scores for 2012

Average National SAT Scores for 2012   Over a million high-schoolers registered for the SAT  in 2012. Their average scores provide some interesting insights into this group. Whether they wanted admission to the  top public universities  or another school of their choice, see how they performed. Overall SAT Scores for 2012 The mean is the average score of every student who took the SAT from the fall of 2011 through June of 2012. Here are the mean scores for all testers by section: Overall: 1498Critical Reading: 496Mathematics: 514Writing: 488 (subscores: multiple-choice: 48.1 / essay: 7.3) See how these compare: SAT Scores for 2013 SAT Scores by Gender As is often seen, boys were better on average in the Mathematics section and they also slightly outperformed girls as a whole in the Critical Reading Section. But females outperformed them on average in the Writing section. You can compare your scores with the average for your gender. Critical Reading:  Males: 498. Females: 493Mathematics:  Males: 532. Females: 499Writing:  Males: 481. Females: 494 SAT Scores by Reported Annual Income Higher parental income is associated with a higher SAT score. This doesnt necessarily mean that wealthier families produce smarter children. But it likely has some relationship to parents sending their children to better schools and being more willing to purchase SAT prep. They may also be more willing to spend money on retakes of the examination. $0 to $20,000: 1323$20,000 to $40,000: 1398$40,000 to $60,000: 1461$60,000 to $80,000: 1503$80,000 to $100,000: 1545$100,000 to $120,000: 1580$120,000 to $140,000: 1594$140,000 to $160,000: 1619$160,000 to $200,000: 1636$200,000 and more: 1721 SAT Scores by AP/Honors Classes It is helpful to know which courses in school tend to produce the highest SAT scores. You could guess that students who take AP courses or rigorous Honors courses are going to score higher on the SAT, but the degree to which they score better is significant. The question is which came first, the chicken or the egg? Do these students score higher due to their natural abilities, or do the courses themselves prepare students better for the SAT? Check out the stats: AP/Honors Math 1698: Mean SAT score for those enrolled in AP/Honors Math1404: Mean SAT score for those not enrolled Percentage of SAT Testers Enrolled in AP/Honors Math by Ethnicity All students: 36 percentAfrican American: 25 percentAmerican Indian: 31 percentAsian: 47 percentHispanic: 31 percentWhite: 40 percent AP/Honors English 1655: Mean SAT score for those enrolled in AP/Honors Math1404: Mean SAT score for those not enrolled Percentage of SAT Testers Enrolled in AP/Honors English by Ethnicity All students: 42 percentAfrican American: 34 percentAmerican Indian: 40 percentAsian: 44 percentHispanic: 39 percentWhite: 46 percent AP/Honors Natural Science 1698: Mean SAT score for those enrolled in AP/Honors Math1414: Mean SAT score for those not enrolled Percentage of SAT Testers Enrolled in AP/Honors Natural Science by Ethnicity All students: 35 percentAfrican American: 24 percentAmerican Indian: 28 percentAsian: 43 percentHispanic: 28 percentWhite: 38 percent 2012 SAT Scores Summary The statistics say youd have the best advantage on the SAT if you were a male of Asian ethnicity whose family who made more than $200,000 per year. You could always prepare regardless of your ethnic heritage or familial status. These statistics represent the mean but do not, of course, represent the individual. If you have nothing in common with the groups scoring the highest on the SAT, it does not mean that you cant secure a top-notch score. Start with some free SAT practice quizzes, grab some free SAT apps, and prepare yourself the best way you can.

Love and desire Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love and desire - Article Example This is a topic of legislative debate across many countries, and it is unlikely that the contest will end soon. In Canada, there are groups calling for the striking off segments of the Criminal Code, mainly sections 210 to 213, which criminalize prostitution and related activities in order to protect sex workers and their clients (Betteridge, 2005, p. 11). On the other hand, there are others who are against the decriminalization of prostitution as this will only expose the prostitutes and the general public to greater risks. This weighty matter has left lawmakers and other stakeholders at crossroads. The main aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on whether or not these activities should be decriminalized in Canada by arguing against the decriminalization. Decimalization of prostitution poses a major threat to the life and security of women, promotes sex trafficking, increases child prostitution and helps to expand the sex industry. Decriminalizing of prostitution will thu s prove costly in the long run. Why Prostitution should not be decriminalization In order to protect the lives and safety of the general public, it is important for prostitution to be viewed and treated as a form of sexual exploitation rather than as an occupation and a source of income. Decriminalizing prostitution has a number of consequences. First, decriminalization will lead to an increase in sex trafficking cases, both at local and international levels. As noted in the report by The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada (2010), it is likely that third party business persons will want to profit from such activities by acting as middlemen or entrepreneurs. These people will be involved in the ‘marketing’ and ‘selling’ of women for sex. In the event that these middlemen lack adequate women to satisfy the market demand for sex, it is certain that they will engage in trafficking of women for sex. This will put the entire country at risk. This will lead to an in crease in kidnap cases across the country and neighboring countries as well. Decriminalizing prostitution is one way of indirectly involving non-prostitutes in these activities since every man or woman will be seen as a potential client by these middlemen. This affects people’s daily activities and movements due to the fear of being kidnapped. In addition, this will paint a negative image of the country to the outside world, and thus affecting Canada’s relations with other countries. Secondly, decriminalization will only help to expand the sex industry in the country. This will mean that at all times, women of different races and ages will be put on display for sale, and this may involve foreigners trafficked from other countries (Raymond, 2003, p. 318). Prostitution will be converted into a quick profit earning business. This will significantly contribute to the expansion of the sex industry since people will start to engage in different forms of sexual exploitation i ncluding phone sex, table dancing and peep shows in order to satisfy their desires. In addition, decriminalization will further increase the access and consumption of pornographic material in the country. The major disadvantage is that when the sex industry is expanded, a majority of the population may be drawn into these activities, either voluntarily

Organisations and Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisations and Behaviour - Assignment Example Since every department is branching out into many sub divisions and vertical as well as horizontal branches, cross communication has seen an enormous rise. Thus looking at the present scenario, a hierarchal organisational structure will lead to a lack in communication and the resultant organisational will be more bureaucratic in nature. In the given case study, Hawk Company has been observed following taylorist methods of production. A taylorist method can be described as a production process, in which the assigned tasks and works are broken down further into segments or smaller clusters, with the objective of monitoring the process and correcting any action. This can be regarded as a rigorous method of production where each and every action is flowed by strict monitoring. A taylorist approach can be accompanied by many methods of organisational structure. These can be bureaucratic, hierarchal or specialised structure. In the bureaucratic, structure, strict rules and regulations are followed and procedures are delegated in order to achieve compliance and control of subordinated from those who give orders. The second one is hierarchical in which decision makers are separated from employees who implement. Traditional methods of taylorism are highly dysfunctional and lead decrease in motivation of employees and workers. In order to achieve control and compliance in an organisation, a beurocratic structure follows strict rules and regulations and controls of all functioning within the organisation. From the above theories of organisation structure, we can conclude that because of the strict hierarchical structure and taylorist methods, the organisation faced many issues and problems. It is also evident that the arising issues and complications from the traditional methods of organisational structure and production process lead to the subsequent changes, which were implemented in the organisation. As a result of the perennial problems occurring in the organisation, the management decided to take necessary steps. The first action was to consult the workers and other staff members of the organisation and take relevant feedback about the organisation structure and satisfaction level. With the help of workers and employee feedback, many changes were made. The first change was made in the workshop and the factory. Old and traditional machinery were replaced by new and more advanced equipments. Special training was also provided to the workers for making them acquainted with the latest machinery. The traditional assembly line was changed to a more collaborative and compatible group. The new task assembly was divided into teams of workers, performing a specific job, rather than working haphazardly and simultaneously at different places. The workers were also invited to take part in management decisions and this helped in increasing their motivation to a great extent. Thus, by removing bureaucratic structure form their organisational portfolio, the ma nufacturing company was able to increase motivation and commitment level from their employees. With the implementation of teams in the factory, the traditional hierarchal structure also became dysfunctional, and the workers as well as the employees were able to communicate as well as contribute in

Budget 1. Describe the budget process apply appropriate budgeting Essay

Budget 1. Describe the budget process apply appropriate budgeting techniques and explain its significance in the business environment - Essay Example In any organization, budgets are a representation of the future revenues and costs. The main characteristic of budgets is that they are prepared in advance and are derived from long term strategy of a company. The budgets relate to the goals and objectives of the organization and express in quantitative form, the monetary and physical units of activities. The main activities in companies include control and planning, and budgets are the centre of these activities. Budgets are crucial control systems that show estimates of expenses and revenues of a company over a certain period of time. Budgets are usually compiled and evaluated after certain periods. There can be a surplus budget when the company anticipates to get a profit, it can be balanced when the company expects the expenses to equal the revenues, or it can be deficit budgets when the expenses are expected to exceed the revenues. Budgets are usually prepared in companies based on their goals. The process of planning budgets involves preparing detailed, short-term plans for the organizations. Budgets are prepared by starting with an overall budget for the whole organization, which can then be broken down into smaller budget based on departments. The planning process involves consultations with the whole organization in order for the objectives of the company are achieved. The process of developing a master budget starts by preparing the sales budget. This is because the sales budget acts as the limiting factor in this company. This budget also affects other components of the master budget directly or indirectly. This budget shows the sales expected over a period of time. It is simply a product of the expected units of sales and the expected price per unit. This budget needs to be prepared carefully because other components of the master plan rely on it; otherwise the master budget will be ineffective for control and planning purposes. Once the sales budget has been done,

Comparison of Operating Systems

Comparison of Operating Systems Abstract: The main aim of the paper is to clearly distinguish the Comparison between the Linux, Windows Network operating System and Amoeba Distributed operating System. This paper explains clearly about the network operating systems like Linux, windows 2000 and Amoeba, Amoeba can be described as an example of a distributed operating system. Starting from the Linux operating system, this paper describes the Linux operating system evolution, architecture. It also tells the list of Pros and Cons of the Linux operating System and Features involved in that OS. Windows 2000 is one of the powerful operating system in the world. However, This paper also concentrate on Windows 2000 OS with explanation of the architecture, advantages, disadvantages and security of the Windows 2000 .Finally, we discussed about Amoeba distributed Operating System and what are the features of the Amoeba and Understanding the architecture of the Amoeba Distributed Operating System. Introduction: An operating system(OS) is a program designed to run other programs on a computer . Operating system runs automatically when the user power switches on and it stops running on the computer when the power switch off. It is act as an interface between user and the CPU. Operating system controls the external devices that are connected to the computer and it can manage files on the computer. Operating system can perform the things like taking the input from the external devices like keyboards, printers, scanners and display the output on computer monitor. By this we can say that it is an inter face between user and the CPU. Responsibility of Operating system is to make sure that both programs and users do not interfere when both the running at the same time. This is also responsible for not to access the system by unauthorized users. Above figure shows the how the operating system connects to the external device and how the devices are controlled by the Operating System . These are classified depending on the number of users or tasks using the operating systems. Multi-User: It enables two or more users can run the programs at the same time. Multitasking: It enables doing one or more tasks at same time. It is very good method to utilise the time effectively. Multiprocessing: It allows running the same program on different CPUs. Multithreading: It enables that the program in different locations to run at same time. Real-time operating systems: This is for real time applications and in this Operating system. It will respond to input and process the program at the same time. Most popularly used Operating Systems are Windows 2000, Windows XP and Linux. Operating systems can also be classified as network Operating System and Distributed operating System Network Operating System: In this Operating System more number of activities controlled across a network. Some of the network operating systems are UNIX, Linux and Microsoft windows 2000 server. It supports workstations (WS) and personal computer. Examples of network operating systems are LAN and MAN Distributed Operating System: It is a collection of independent computers that appears to be a single system to the users. One of the Examples of distributed operating system is amoeba. LINUX: It is an operating There are several Operating systems available these days.system (OS) that controls your computer. Linux is the one of the most popular Network Operating System used now days. Linux is basically from the UNIX. If we write any program for UNIX it is also run on the Linux. Difference between UNIX and Linux is Linux comes with GPL license and UNIX comes with BSD-Style license. Linux consisting of all the features of UNIX and it is suitable for both high end servers and middle range servers. Linux is an open source Operating system in the sense people can change, adopt and fix. Linux provide not only the operating system but also some support, updates and provides everything to users. Some peoples think that Linux is difficult because of the complicated commands and It is not user friendly. Those who knows the UNIX they can understand the Linux than the beginners .beginners confused about the Linux due to complicated commands. Figure 2 Conceptual Structure of the Linux Kernel The above figure shows the architectural view of the Linux Operating System. There are three major things in the things in the architecture firstly is the user program, second is the kernel, third one is the hardware. We can simply say that there are two major parts in the architecture: Shell: The functionality of the shell is translate the user commands into kernel Kernel: In 1991 Linux kernel was developed by Torvalds. At first there was a Linux 0.02 is released after three years Linux 1.0 is released. In 1995 Linux kernel 2.2 is released with some improved features like IPv6, support for variety of Intel chips and file system with improved range . This is composed of process manager, virtual file system (VFS), memory manager and abstract network services. Kernel is directly interacting with the hardware. Process Manager: Process manager mange the process, how the process are scheduled. For example if two processes are there it will manage those two processes by implementing the priority technique. Parent -child relationship is also managed by the process manager. Memory Manager: It will manage the memory in the operating system. For example if one process requires more memory than physical memory for execution or programs then it implements the concept of virtual memory. Virtual File System: Linux support more number of file systems. Virtual File System manages the controlling of file access and directory. Abstract network services: Linux is also support some network requirements such as sockets and TCP/IP networking. Linux Operating system is a monolithic structure because of any module in the Linux can exchange the information with the other modules. The main thing in the above fig1 is mapping of kernel source code to the program module. Source code for the process manager is Init/; this is a directory consist of initialization code for kernel. Source code for Memory manager is Mm/ .It consists of memory manages codes. Virtual file system composed of Fs/ source code .It contains all the file system codes and Drivers/ consists of all device driver codes. Finally Abstract Network Services has a source code of Net/ .It is a directory with Kernels networking codes. Linux kernel does not have Modifiability capacity because if we modify anything in the kernel that may affect the other parts of the kernel and we can say it is also not suitable for re-usability because of file systems are integrated into the kernel. Linux is different from the other Operating system in two main aspects those are: firstly, Linux operating System can work on any other computer models for example Windows 95 and Windows 98 can run on only if the CPUs have the Intel architecture but Linux can run on any other platforms. Second one is the Linux Operating System software is free. If you want to use the Linux you can get the Linux for free but if u wants Linux with some special application you have to pay something to obtain the software. Linux applications are in open source form this enables users to modifies and improve them. Linux features and performance: Linux has some attractive features like: It is open source It has multi processing capabilities Very wide range of hard ware compatibility High performance Millions of installed base It consist of IP Security and IPV6 Linux Advantages and disadvantages: Linux has some of the good pros and cons those are Linux Advantages: Linux is free: You do not have to pay anything for the Linux software. Linux is portable: If anyone bought a new PC without knowing which Operating System runs on that computer? They can use the Linux because of the portability option. Linux was made to keep running: We can keep running the Linux day and night for completing the tasks .by this we can save some time. Secure and Versatile: Linux is more secure like a firewall. Scalable: In Linux you can add and remove whatever you want it fits all of them. Linux had short debug times Linux Disadvantages: Linux is not user friendly: Linux have some complicated commands and problem for beginners. Too many distributions Strengths and Weakness of Linux: Strengths: Linux is powerful operating system with stability. Cost of the Linux is low compare to others. could be use as server. It is Open source. Weaknesses It is less user friendly than windows. Complexity of commands Fewer desktop titles than windows. Hard to install a Linux operating in system. Application of Linux: Linux provides database and trading services to the online book shops and US post offices. Internet providers and ISPs are used Linux as proxy, firewall and web server WINDOWS 2000: Windows 2000 professional is a powerful operating system with 32 bit and it is also solid. Two main things in windows 2000 are server and professional. These two are come from Microsoft family but applications are different. Windows 2000 server does everything what windows 2000 professional do. Windows 2000 server is designed for to run the application on server .windows 2000 professional takes all the advantages from the Windows NT and some extra features are also added to improve the operating system. Windows 2000 Architecture: Windows 2000 architecture is consisting of client/server, layered and objects oriented principles. Architecture of windows 2000 was developed by layered approach. In layered approach code in each layer can access only by the layer below to that. By this approach we can improve the operating system because if we change any layer on operating system it does not affect the other parts of the operating system. Windows 2000 architecture was developed by C language code. So, a window 2000 is portable. In this Operating system debugged from staring layer to the end layer. The above Architecture consists of two main modes those are: user and kernel modes. Kernel mode: Kernel is the heart of the operating system. It is responsible for scheduling the events .kernel mode composed of hardware abstraction layer (HAL), Micro kernel and executive services. Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): It is in between hardware and kernel. HAL controls the all activities between Kernel and the hard ware in operating system. HAL directly interact with the hard ware for any manipulations. Windows 2000 has a capability of running multiprocessor on computer by using HAL .It abstract the hard ware from kernel and no need to know what type of hard ware used. Microkernel: It provides time -slice between multiprocessor and handling of interrupt, threads. When the system startup it takes information of which devices are loaded into system from registry. Executive services: It contains the I/O manager, cache manager, Virtual memory manager, file systems, object management and process or thread management. I/O manager controls the I/O operations between user applications and hard disk. It is manage the all information coming from any device to computer. I/O manager subdivide into some more sections Figure (4). Input/Output Manager Components in It contains cache manager, file system, network drivers and device drivers. Cache manager controls how the disk cache works. File system take care of all files in the system .network drivers manages network protocols in the I/O manager and finally device drivers controls all the devices like keyboard ,mouse and hard disk. Object manager in executive manages objects that are used by windows 2000 and it can also extend to another object. Process manager manages all the activities done by the processes. Security reference monitor watch if any unsecured thing comes into the computer. Windowing and graphics system: It uses Graphic User Interface (GUI) to provide all the graphics to computer. User Mode: This mode consists of service, environment sub systems, system process and applications. System processes : It contains logon process, session manager and service controller. Services : It support services like event logger, remote procedure call, alerter and replicator Applications : It provides user applications like MS-DOS, POSIX and WIN32. The subsystems are again separated into another two parts in user mode .Those are environmental subsystems and Integral sub system. Environmental Sub systems: This provides application program interface (API) to the services. POSIX, OS/2, WIN32 are the environmental subsystems in windows 2000 Operating system. It can support other types of applications to windows 2000 by using the client /server architecture. In the environmental subsystems applications are clients and subsystems are servers Integral sub systems: Integral subsystem performs functions like creating windows and opening files by calling the WIN32 applications. It has components like virtual memory manager, processor manager, I/O system manager and cache manager. Windows 2000 features: It is Multi processor supports. It supports more number of programs and it will be user friendly. This is runs totally in protected mode. It had full user level security It supports NTFS, FAT FAT32 file system. Windows 2000 Benefits: Compatible and Stable OS. It consumes low time to for troubleshooting. Greater performance compared to the Windows 95 and More flexible of operations. Windows 2000 weakness: Less security : Windows 2000 operating system is affected by viruses and an attack on The Operating system is possible. Not every windows 95/98 programs will run. If a program writes to run on only 95/98 this program cannot run on the windows 2000. Windows 2000 is not an open source. As compare Linux it is not open source. Windows 2000 security Features: Windows 2000 provides authentication, data integrity : Authentications is provided by the using the authentication protocol Kerberos. Secure communication: It is provided by using the Secure Socket layer protocol. Differences between Linux Vs Windows 2000 Operating System. Linux Operating system Windows 2000 operating system More reliable .It is an open source Operating System Price of the software is free. ease of use Some companies now also do not offer drivers. Better secured Less percentage of people know all about Linux. less reliable compared to Linux It is closed source Microsoft Windows software license cost varies between 50 to 150 US dollars. Much easier compared with Linux. It is Better Hardware support. windows is not secure compared with Linux. and Still Attacks possible. More people using the Windows Amoeba: From the years of 1990s the distributed operating system was came into vision by the idea of S. Tanenbaum at the Vrije Universiteit by the Centre of Computer Science and Mathematics department in Amsterdam doing research for distributed operating system. The aim of this distributed operating system is to connect many computers together. In this, Amoeba operating system the work (or) task was distributed between the processor pools. The user doesnt know where the execution of the files is going to do because the system share this files in the network with other to gain high performance. Design Goals: The design goal of Amoeba based on four; 1. Distribution connecting many machines together 2. Parallelism multiple CPUs allows using for individual jobs 3. Transparency It will act like a single system 4. Performance it is an efficient manner It was a distributed system, multiple machines which are not same and connected together. ameoba was connected in LAN. It uses a high performance FLIP network protocol for LAN communication. If the machine is having more than one interface then it automatically uses the FLIP network interface for communication. Ameoba also supports for parallel system. By this, one job can be divided by the other processors to gain high speed in performance. It is transparency. The user doesnt know where the files are storing and the location of CPUs. It will automatically replicates and handle the issues like file by the users. Last but not least, is Performance; it has some minimal delays in sending and receiving the files between the machines to machine in high bandwidth. System Architecture: Amoeba operating system was designed based on the single microcomputer, of the recommended software for the minimum configuration. 1. Workstation(WS). 2. Processor pool(PP). 3. Servers. 4. Gateways. A typical Amoeba operating system will consists of three main functional classes of machine. First class, belongs to completely user interface and it doesnt do any other computing. The workstation used for running is X windows system. The second class is pool of processors; it can be the part of multiprocessors or multi computers and it have megabytes of private memory and it is shared by processors. LAN communication is done by the processor pool. Figure 5.System Architecture Third class is for specialized servers such as file and directory servers and it completely dedicated to hardware. All this three classes are connected to the fast LAN. Fundamental Concepts: (1)Microkernel and Server Architecture: It is designed with microkernel architecture. In this very operation is goes through the kernel even the I/O and memory management so everything is build on the basis of kernel to give the user space server processes. Some of the user processes runs the application programs and such processes are called clients. Basic function of microkernel is to communicate the client and servers with each other. 2.Threads: In many operating systems, single thread of control is present but in amoeba operating system each process handle as its own thread that means it contains multiple threads. By using this multiple it makes easy in distributed and parallel computing because each process is handle by each thread and all processes are passed through the common block of cache uses synchronization. Kernel allows some threads to access the memory management services. Remote Procedure Call: The basic mechanism used for communication is Remote Procedure Call, because each process as to communicate with each other if they are in same shell or block is easy, if they are in different places then RPC is used for communication and special library procedures are called as stubs and these are used for RPC. Amoeba uses a special language called AIL (Amoeba Interface Language) and this automatically produces stub. Figure (6) Remote Procedure Control Group Communication: By this function so many problems in distributed and parallel programming are solved due to many applications need to communicate with each other while sending and receiving the data what they are exactly sending for them in same order. Objects and Capabilities: When an object is created, server will create a 128 bit value called capability. It prevents in cryptographically from tampering. Memory Management: It is not having paging and swapping. If one process is executing and other are in memory by this it gives high performance and other Disadvantage is uses larger than physical memory. I/O: This function is also handled by kernel threads. OUTSIDE THE KERNEL: Bullet File Server: It is designed with high performance so it called as Bullet server. It stores files continuously on the dicks and cache memory, the minimum requirement of ram is 16MB if more RAM is there it gives more performance. If user requests a file it sends the file in a single RPC. Figure (7). Bullet Server Memory Directory Server: In comparison to the other operating system, amoeba operating system doesnt handle all functions like other OSs. In this Bullet server just save the files, its main function is to read, write and save the files to the disks but it doesnt rename the file name. It having a hierarchical file systems built easily and general structures. By this function it gives high availability to the user and avoids the replications. Compilers: Amoeba having some standard compilers likes ANSI, C, PASCAL, MODULA 2, BASIC, FORTAN 77 and GNU C compiler. Parallel Programming: It uses a new language for parallel programming called as Orca, which allows users to define their data types which based on Object-based distributed over a LAN. Orac uses the Amoeba IPC facilities make them to share the software objects over the network in efficient manner. Utilities: Amoeba offers utilities that work with UNIX for highly parallel configuration manager. Emulation of UNIX: To execute the UNIX programs in Amoeba it uses an Ajax offers POSIX P1003.1 by this function simply compiles the program and link to Amoeba. TCP/IP: Although it uses a FLIP protocol for communication, by using a special Server it connects to the TCP/IP through RPCs for internet accessing. X Windows: X Windows X11R6 is the special workstation for Amoeba RPC for Communication by using X Windows it can interface to the TCP/IP server. Connection to UNIX: By using a special driver SunOS 4.1.1 it allows the UNIX programs to Communicate with amoeba programs. Weakness of Amoeba: It is does not having any virtual memory. No binary compatibles to UNIX. Amoeba is not a NFS support. It doesnt have a enough memory. It is not a well polished system. Best for experimenting Supplies a1000 pages of documentation Conclusion: Finally we conclude that both Windows and Linux are the standard operating systems. First version of the windows provides the graphical user interface (GUI). Windows 2000 is yet to be used as best server Operating system. Windows 2000 has better permanence, Improved reliability, easy to install and improve system recovery .we can create multiple user accounts in windows 2000 .Linux is fast developed operating system. It is open source we can improve the code by modification. There is no restriction on that but windows 2000 Operating system is not an open source. In some aspects windows 2000 is better than Linux like Windows is a user friendly, no Complicated commands and looks better in appearance. This is best used for Personal computers, Home computers and small office network computer .On the other aspects Linux operating system is best. Linux has better security compare to Windows 2000. In big enterprises we can use Linux for networking .Linux is stable and has networking ability . Both operating systems are widely used but depending on our applications we can choose the Operating system. Amoeba Operating System is having the transparency in work, reliable, it using the Microkernel to increase the speed of the system by user interface. Ameoba also supports for some heterogonous systems. It is free to universities but they need an internet connection to access but they charge $500 for the manual set of documents and it also not a well polished system, it supports for both UNIX programs and X Windows for TCP/IP connection.

Moralitys Biological Nature Essay example -- Biology Essays Research

Morality's Biological Nature: Implications for the Attribution of "Good" and "Evil". "A man who has no assured and ever present belief in the existence of a personal God or of a future existence with retribution and reward, can have for his rule of life, as far as I can see, only to follow those impulses and instincts which are the strongest or which seem to him the best ones. . . . If he acts for the good of others, he will receive the approbation of his fellow men and gain the love of those with whom he lives." - Charles Darwin In my last paper "Serial Killers: Just trying to feel normal, it's not my fault" (4) I addressed the question as to whether biology can make us murderers. In my paper I catalogued multiple instances in which biology seems to consistently differ between 'normal' people and individuals who have been dubbed the most immoral, inhuman and evil predators of society. Though I found many biological differences between the normal brain and the murderer's brain, it was not necessarily explained that 'morality' is a common, biologically based aspect of human behavior. The nature of my prior paper was to ascertain whether there is a difference in our brain from that of a killer, but in this paper I explore the biological function of 'morality' and its natural occurrence in the catalogue of human behaviors. Discussing 'morality' as a phenomenon that is inherent in humans will then allow the further exploration of the implications of deviation from this 'norm'. Can these individuals be labeled as 'evil' and be held accountable for their behavior? As the former paper posed implications pertaining to the 'accountability' of a murderer, this paper proposes that these individuals have strayed from the underlying... ...CA/Mail/xmcamail.1997_11.dir/0086.html 3)Brain: The neurobiology of morals. , A small, applicable article. http://www.nature.com/news/1999/991021/full/991021-6.html;jsessionid=DC80A23979EBD5D46DCA819DFA12AC26 4)Serial Killers: Just trying to feel normal, it's not my fault, My last paper. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/Solano.html 5) Origins of Human Mind Revisited, A short article that touched upon some new ideas. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/brainyapes980511.html 6) To the objectives for Good Natured., Commentary upon de Waal's book from a college class. http://mlabar.swu.edu/Animal%20Behavior/Comments%20on%20Good%20Natured.htm 7) The Impact of Psychological Research on Christian Beliefs and Practices , A source of challenges, insights and reminders. http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/jeeves/lecture3.html

Freedom in a Montessori Environment

Explain in your own words the following: A. FREEDOM IN A PREPARED ENVIRONMENT B. THE SENSITIVE PERIODS C. NORMALISATION D. ABSORBENT MIND A) FREEDOM IN A PREPARED ENVIRONMENT All over the world in constitutions of countries freedom is enshrined. This freedom applies not only to the adult but also to the child. For it is in freedom that a child reveals himself. Therefore a directress in a prepared environment must have the opportunity to observe the child in a free and open environment. Also the child’s inner guide must be allowed to direct the child’s growth.Thus a child will be aided to grow through independence and must be allowed growth through his inn guide. This is because a child uses his environment to grow. A child must therefore be aided in his development through activities that will encourage independence such as self-help skills like wearing shoes buttoning sweeping and other activities that will make him independent. All materials should be given the correc t sizes; materials should be kept orderly; furniture should be child sized. The child must be aided in developing his will by by ensuring coordination and ensuring activities are towards a given end.The child must be given constructive work. Maria Montessori has described a classroom as a room in which all children move about intelligently voluntarily and without being unruly or loud. It is important to note that in allowing freedom, any destructive acts of the child must be limited. All other good and useful manifestations must be observed by the directress. There are however limits to freedom within the prepared environment; they are: Respect for the environment: The child has freedom but must treat the environment with care and respect.He must be courteous and treat all with respect and care. Respect for Himself: It is not enough to treat other with courtesy; he must also respect himself and use the materials respectfully without destroying. Respect for Others: The child is free to carry out activities as long as he is not interfering on the rights of other children in the classroom. Progress at his own rate and development: Each child is allowed to develop at his own rate and pace. No competitions are allowed in the environment. The Montessori environment also allows freedom in many aspects.Freedom of movement as they are allowed to move around the classroom as well as outside the classroom. Thus a Montessori classroom is not divided within work periods. A child is also allowed freedom of choice to choose their own activities in the classroom as this enables concentration and helps develop good working habits. Freedom of speech is also allowed as children speak to each other and initiate activities as a team or individually. Because they are not forced; they naturally develop the tendency to help thy neighbour.Children are expected to observe the rules of basic courtesy; which involves not interrupting other people. Freedom to grow and to construct his own mental capabilities. All materials are with a focus to helping the child build his inner self. Freedom to love and be loved is important as a child must be loved exceptionally and respected for just being himself. An example of Deji a three and a half year old who accidentally defecates on his body. Immediately other children start complaining about the smell and proceed to laugh at the child. The teacher who was also horrified was disgusted and showed this to Deji.The child sat still ashamed of himself. A well trained directress should correct Deji and clean him up and also discourage other children from making fun of him. It is important that love is shown in such circumstances while correcting the boy lovingly. Thus if such an occurrence occurs in future other children will learn to assist and show loving support. Freedom from danger is also important as a child has a right to be protected away from danger. Freedom from competition and pressure is discouraged as a child is free from artificially induced competition reward and punishments.The inner motivation of the child stimulates him to work to the best of his ability and the satisfaction is the reward. He is thus allowed to grow at his own rate and development. In conclusion freedom allow a child grow by removing obstacles which can impede his normal development. The freeing of a child consists in removing as far as possible these obstacles that will deter true development in a child. Thus to objectively achieve these demands objectively a close attention must be on the part of the adult. (B) THE SENSTITIVE PERIODThe sensitive period is a delicate and transitory period helping the child with the purpose of formation. This urge helps him to focus his attention on certain aspects of his environment with such congruency that he excludes other things. As a result of the meeting of minds between this inner urge and this activities; the child completes it and feels excited and stronger. This inner urge can be likened to an intrinsic weaving of the thread of life. The importance of the sensitive period abound as they help in later years to assist in the development of concentration and intellectual powers.Sensitive periods in language have been identified; a child who without prior formal lessons, without conscious effort learns to pronounce the language he hears perfectly. It has been identified that the sensitive period for language has already begun in the child before he can walk and talk. By four months through the watchful eyes of a child he starts making vague sounds. As he progresses the baby will begin got make real sounds. This mysterious urge starts in the soul; its intensity lights up a flame and is turned outward as a light.Under this influence the sounds separate though the child cannot understand the language. As the child interacts more with the environment he listens voluntarily to the spoken language. It had been defined as divine command which the child imitates and do es not know why. A child who is starved of been exposed to the sensitivity of language can lead to having a difficult time learning the structure of his language. An example in Nigeria is where parents refuse their children to learn the local language and speak only english to the child.As the child grows older learning to communicate in their mother tongue becomes a challenge as the child cannot relate to others in his immediate environment. Amazing is also the sensitivity to Order as it reveals itself in the second year of life. The child at this stage displays a possesive passion in the order of things. For example Deji a 3 years old has a pack of balls bought for him in a basket by his mum. Family friends come to the house and one of the younger children removes the pack of balls from the basket. Deji starts screaming as he trys to put all balls back in the basket.He quietened down after he put back all the balls without any interfeence from the guest. It is very necessary for t he child to have order in his environment as he is constructing himself from the elements of the environment. A baby can be helped by an adult through following a general rhythm. Dont forget to add advantages Another sensitivity which occurs in the second year is the senstivity to small objects. Children are drawn to small objects alas miniature scientists. However the adult must be patient,observant and not shout when a child pick up objects.Freedom is also critical to enable a child explore their environment. The adverse effects of sensitivity to small objects will be lack of observational skills passiveness and lack of comparative judgement. Sensitivity to cordination of movement occurs from 21/2 years. This is the period A Child loves to explore the environment by jumping and running. They engage in activity that will cordinate their movement. Constuctive work that will promote good cordination of body movement eg pouring from one jug to another is important. The adverse effect will be lack of good cordination.Children between two to five love to play with their mates. They also want to do things adults and develop social skills. At this time they pick up manners and behaviours from adults. The advers effects are that children remain dependent passice and lonely. Sensitivity through learning through the five senses. Children take interest in sound shape texture. At this time the children are given activities which impress and stimulate the senses refinimg their functions. This period is important especially in adult life especially in some vocations C) NORMALISATION Normalisation has been described as the single most important result of a teachers work. This is when the teacher has helped the child to attain a normal developmental stage where they focus for long periods of time. At this stage they are satisfied and proud of their work. Normalization occurs during the first phase of development at ages 0-6 years. Peter is a three year old pupil and a new st udent at ABC School. Peter is unable to concentrate on a particular task and lacks interest in activities.After careful monitoring and patience by an adult in a prepared environment; Peter transforms and shows keen interest in activities. Children who are young or new to the prepared environment are said to be in the first stage of development. These children are not ready for the freedom and like peter in the example above are invited to work with a teacher keeping an eye on the child. These children increase their level of concentration and take pride in their accomplishment As the child progresses; the child experiences freedom and now have the confidence to move and complete activities.Children at this stage benefit from frequent and different presentations. The role of the teacher s to observe the child keenly to ensure they are receiving the assistance needed for the transformation. By the time Peter in our example above is five or six years, the child is able to focus on one activity; work in teams; teach younger children and work independently without disturbing the work of others. This journey has taken years for the child to become normalized and as such the teacher must patiently and without giving up enjoy the journey towards independence and normalization.In a growing child there is physical energy; especially the muscular energy of intelligence and will and also the mental energy of intelligence and will. These two streams work in unison to make a child complete. A normalized chid develops the following characteristics; a love for order in which a child expresses a love for the environment and a desire to preserve the environment. Also the love of work which in a prepared environment means any activity which the child becomes engrossed in and consumes his personality.A child grows to like work naturally and finds joy in completing his work. Another characteristic is profound spontaneous concentration which has been called attention to life or a w onder of growth. It is the Childs intelligence that is concentrating here and constructing itself through an exchange with its immediate environment. Following closely is an attachment to reality as a normalized Childs mind constructs itself through contact with the environment which is the foundation of the world as taken in by a child through the five senses and later is built on by reason and imagination.When a child works on this intelligence is thereafter raised to the order of intelligence. Obedience: A normalized child is obedient as the child grows through various works undergone and undergoes the development of will. Independence and initiative is what happens to a normalized child. Spontaneous self-discipline is also a feature of Montessori school children. This discipline enables the children to work for long periods in the absence of the directress. Joy also radiates on the children’s faces because they are deeply satisfied.

Term Paper on Health

Term Paper on Health During semester system of university and college education the term, term paper is very commonly used in daily interaction. In all academic specializations, it is valid including health education, medical sciences and nursing.   Term paper on health is written in different specialized educational backgrounds.   Writing term paper on health is often required by university professors from their students. Students who know health paper topics can easily gear towards writing their term paper on health. But those students who are unaware of any practical issues of term paper on health they prefer to get help write a term paper on health from some other sources. Some custom writing companies help write a term paper on health at big cost to the students. When searching for a term paper on health online one must search the company that has:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Good market standing and goodwill in writing term paper on health   Ã‚  Ã‚   Good number of qualified and experienced staff   Ã‚  Ã‚   Proper system of quality control and plagiarism detection   Ã‚  Ã‚   Online support to resolve any ongoing issues Other than these factors, a good writer will also need to know the structure of a good Term paper on health. Main parts of a good term paper on health may include the following layout:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Title relating to the health term paper   Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction or abstract showing why this   term paper on health is written and what areas of health will it cover   Ã‚  Ã‚   Research methodology and details of research measures adopted by the researcher to prove his/her plans   Ã‚  Ã‚   Findings and their details collected by researcher during the conduct of his/her research to prepare a term paper on health   Ã‚  Ã‚   Research analysis, details, division of results and findings expression in different chapters/paragraphs   Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion of term paper on health will be the last of its contents If you are a busy student or a working student or you cannot write your term paper on health by your own, you can get advice and help from our custom term paper service to write your term papers on health and health care. We provide best custom writing services as we hire a great number of good and qualified writers. We have our own quality control system and we always look forward to new fronts for our improvement of our working and quality of our customized term papers. When you need to buy term paper on health, CustomWritings.com   is the best company to place order for your paper. CustomWritings.com is one of the few companies dealing in diverse custom term paper needs of international students since 2005. You can relax and enjoy your life just after placing an order with us. We will take care of your academic requirements and we will not let you down in any case, be sure of our commitment to quality and service.

Facism

Fascism â€Å"Fascism, capitalized this term refers to the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922-1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (The American Fascism).† Fascism is a form of politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century, in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of nationalism. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against groups of people with different beliefs or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fasci sm can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are philosophers whose beliefs and ideas greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel , a French social philosopher had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies usually became decayed and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsches’ (1844-1900) theory was that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the "o... Facism Free Essays on Nazism/Facism Fascism â€Å"Fascism, capitalized this term refers to the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922-1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (The American Fascism).† Fascism is a form of politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century, in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of nationalism. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against groups of people with different beliefs or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fasci sm can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are philosophers whose beliefs and ideas greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel , a French social philosopher had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies usually became decayed and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsches’ (1844-1900) theory was that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the "o...

Informative and surprising paper about America problem Immigration Essay

Informative and surprising paper about America problem Immigration - Essay Example   This roughly suggests that one person from each 35 is moving to some other nation regarding professional or any other reasons. (Mchedlishvili) The discourse of immigration comprises of several issues, such as professional immigration, reunification of families etc.   The big nations such as United States of America- faces the immigration matter probably more than any other land.   This paper aims to reflect on whether immigration is a good or a bad thing for a nation, in both ways, for the nation that is producing these migrants and also for the nation who is sustaining them into it. First the discussion is focused upon general view and then it presents my surprising view on the subject. I differ with the common people especially belonging to developing nations on their idea that America is a land of opportunities. Being a student in a reputed university I find several students getting admitted here every year. Most of them are from Asian countries like Pakistan, India and China. They come here mainly because they think the country to be full of opportunities for them, both in terms of education and work. It feels good to hear that they have such intense faith in the economy of the nation. Immigration in America not only occurs from the mentioned nations, but a large number of people travel to America from third world nations. I have often discussed about this immigration issue with many people, some of them are my friends. Mostly my professors help me in knowing more in this regard.   I came to know that, the largest part of this immigration occurs due to the employment problems.  Lately the open trade and investment atmosphere has led to a huge exodus from different countries to America.   Initially a vast and higher demand of labors in the industrial countries such as America and the huge number of unemployed labors in the undeveloped or the developing nations has set the wheels of immigration in great motion.   This has been a part of the hiring

Soccer, The Golden Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soccer, The Golden Era - Essay Example The season went down well for months, and after it was over the approach changed and instead it was merged the selection of league (Mauricio 36). They were divided into A- League teams this league was named along Fifa’s recognition. In the same year, olympics took of, hosted by Atlanta, the men in the olympic did not perform well as it was expected, women performed their best and worn in the olympics that year. Then there after, it was soccer, this tournament had a huge number of fans from every corner of the world during the final day of the match. The success of the women in both games motivated the U.S organizing comittee that was taking care of the whole event (Richard 31). The organising body said, â€Å"it will be ready to support any games especially soccer, to improve the talents of people out their and also recognize were their is an effort made towards success.† Meanwhile, the world cup 1998, was about to kick of, and the qualifications were also in a process. The first time that U.S won, was back in the year 1977, this was the first time for U.S to qualify without involving Mexico (William 17). This was a success, and they had to work smart to make sure they retain the posion again. Some of the main team players were also from different states, but all determined to win in every game. FIFA provided coaches kits, and also playing grounds with large holding capacities, reason being the number of fans was growing at a high rate. In 1999, had considerable success stories, but in this same year women’s, soccer was set to begin (James 25). The women’s energy and the determination made people to have high expectations on them the team tied up for the first position before they were to go for the finals. The team, which was made up of youths, had a loyal fan base which was peaceful and also excellent sportsmanship, and respect. The team was the ambassador for young girls as their role

Freud Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freud - Assignment Example Even though numerous therapists appear to have turned down some of Freud's speculations, without him the universe of brain science would not have been the same (Freud, p.10) Discussion Freud's work with the cognizant and unconscious brain is recognized to be one of his most extremely popular hypotheses. In his speculation, the psyche essentially comprises of two parts, the cognizant and the unconscious. The cognizant part of an individual's personality essentially comprises of things that the individual is familiar with. This incorporates the memory, or "preconscious", in light of the fact that it is information that could be effectively recovered by an individual. The unconscious personality comprises of things outside of one's awareness, for example emotions, urges, remembrances, or musings. The point when an individual thinks about the unconscious personality he or she will for the most part think about a Freudian slip. Tragically, this is an encounter that very nearly everybody h as encountered. A Freudian slip is an occasion that happens when somebody uncovers something that is not an unconscious contemplation or feeling (Kihlstorm, p.445). For the most part, this occasion will happen when an individual is tongue-lashing another individual, and something slip's out which was unintended. This, more or less, happens in light of the fact that an individual has a certain urge of amusing or feeling in the unconscious personality. In addition, with respect to Freud's speculation on the cognizant and unconscious mind, his examination regarding the individual’s nature works is extraordinary. Freud saw a unique controlling feature in the human beings, consisting of three levels, namely, the id, self-image and the superego. The id held primitive drives that followed the premise of delight. Its prevailing objective was to look for instantaneous delight and keep away from torment. The self-image of cognizant was actuality, hence, it worked by means of the actual ity guideline, distinguishing between recognition, judgment and memory. The superego looked for culmination; it held qualities and social ethics held inside the still, small voice (Freud, p.2). Notwithstanding, his dedication to an experimental planet view, Freud's plans were less objective and investigative as he jumped at the chance to suppose. His speculation was built more with respect to clinical impressions than on regulated exact techniques. The aggregation of information and presentation of conclusions is unsystematic, the terms and thoughts are frequently impalpable and troublesome to test and measure, hence, the investigative status of analysis is disputable at a few focuses. Furthermore, the greater part of his speculation is inferred from perceptions of psychotic individuals, hence, the substance of his decisions concerned human conduct. Notwithstanding its unverified suspicions, Freud's speculation has animated further deliberate research on the nature of identity; cons cience systematic analysts as well as object-relations theorists owe much to his work (Bargh and Ezequiel, p.74). Impact and Conclusion The after impact of Freud’s theories on the world of psychology is tremendous and long lasting, due to which, the majority of the psychologists have conducted studies under the guidance of Freud. They have been greatly influenced by

Science conclusion Essay Example for Free

Science conclusion Essay In conclusion, our results matched our hypothesis, because since we observed the flow rate measurements from lowest to highest, as the molasses would be the most viscous liquid, with the lowest amount of flow rate, and water being the least vicious with the greatest amount of flow rate. Again as clarified our results match the conclusion because our hypothesis states that the fluids with a higher flow rate are less are less dense and the particles have a weaker attraction than in the fluids with a higher attraction of particles and higher density, with the exception of water, which the solid form is less dense. As explained earlier generally the higher the flow rate, the lower the flow ability of the material. As my hypothesis was resulted in being right for this lab, throughout my observation and results, because as my trials resulted that corn syrup would be the lowest flow rate with trial one stating 41.23 seconds as the flow rate, trail 2 stating 34.87 seconds as the flow rate, and trial three stating 29.96 seconds as the flow rate. So the average flow rate for corn syrup is 0.33cm/s. To explain furthermore, following, corn syrup being the least flow rate, molasses would be next with a average flow rate of 0.84cm/s, laundry detergent oil being the average flow rate of 2.28cm/s, dish soap being the average flow rate of 3.38cm/s, maple syrup being the average flow rate of 8.56cm/s, corn oil being the average flow rate of 8.89cm/s, vinegar being the average flow rate of 12.05cm/s, and finally water being the average flow rate of 12.5cm/s, and with trials 1.04 seconds, 0.93 seconds, and 1.03 seconds. As we can also see in our observations, most liquids flow rates change after each trial as the seconds being deducted each trial, with the exception of water and vinegar. The sources of error, as we did the science lab, are the errors arising from the final measurement, of the amount of liquid in centimeters, the final calculation, that could have taken effect for the liquids, when recording the measurements, and finally the temperature in the room, that might have affected the trials and the average flow rate, resulting to my final calculation. If we were to do this lab again, we could have tried this with a different temperature in the room, to get the results and see if it matches the first experiment, we could try other fluids/liquids and record the trials and the average flow rate, and record my results differently, and use a other graph. If companies or industries were to use this experiment.

Prion Diseases Essay -- Medical Prions Disease TSE

Prion Diseases Abstract Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases that are thought to be caused by the misfolding of prion proteins. Prions are able to replicate in the absence of nucleic acids. TSEs include: scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, and Fatal Familial Insomnia. They can affect many different animals, including humans. Currently, there are no ways to diagnose, treat, or cure TSEs, as much more research is needed before these diseases are completely understood. 1. Overview Prions are a type of protein found naturally in the brain and other regions of the central nervous system. The diseases associated with prions are collectively known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). â€Å"Transmissible† refers to their potentially infectious nature, and â€Å"spongiform encephalopathies† indicates the microscopic sponge-like deterioration of the brain caused by the progression of the disorders. While these fatal neurodegenerative diseases exhibit different clinical symptoms, have different incubation periods, and even target different areas of the brain, they do share a number of characteristics. They occur in both animals and humans. During a silent incubation period, there are no detectable signs of the disease, although depending on the specific disease, the length of the incubation period can â€Å"vary from a few weeks to up to 40 [years]† (Baker & Ridley, 1996, 1). Due to their unique method of propagation (which will be addressed later), TSEs present a seeming paradox in that â€Å"inherited cases give rise to a disease that is transmissible but acquired cases do not produce heritable diseases† (Baker & Rid... ...(Soto, 2006, 105). 15. Conclusion On a closing note, prion research is significant not only for possible breakthroughs in understanding TSEs, but because of the vast implications the very concept of prions holds for the entire field of biology. As the first substance discovered that can replicate in the absence of nucleic acids, prions defy one of the most central biological doctrines. The similarities between TSEs and dementia disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and â€Å"findings of proteins with a prion-like behavior in yeast and other fungi† (Soto, 2006, 143) suggest that prions and proteins like them may be much more common than ever expected (Soto, 2006, 154). 10 Bibliography Baker, Harry F., & Ridley, Rosalind M. (1996). Prion Diseases. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press. Soto, Claudio. (2006). Prions: The New Biology of Proteins. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

The Failure of the De Havilland Comet Aircraft :: Aerospace Technology Aircrafts Essays

The Failure of the De Havilland Comet Aircraft Following World War II and the jet engine technology that emerged largely toward its end, aerospace engineers knew well that the technology had great potential for use in the commercial aviation industry. The Comet was the first aircraft to utilize jet propulsion; however, its designers failed to consider the metallurgy of the aircraft’s materials under flight conditions or the consequences of their atypical window design. The aircraft was designed by Britain’s De Havilland Aircraft Company and entered service in May 1952. After a year of service, however, the design issues mentioned above resulted in the failure of several Comet aircraft. Extensive evaluations revealed that repeated pressurization stress on the aircraft’s main cabin had caused its structure to fail. At the time when Comet development had begun, De Havilland was aware that Boeing and other leading aircraft manufacturers were also considering jet-driven planes. If De Havilland could build the first jetliner, not only the company but Britain itself could be poised to lead the aerospace industry. With 90% of airline passengers everywhere traveling on Boeing aircraft in 1939 according to Pushkar, R.G. (2002), the British government had been anxious for a development such as the Comet and supported the project enthusiastically. Pressure to develop the Comet before other companies could release their own jetliners likely contributed to some testing negligence at De Havilland. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ordered 14 Comet 1s at  £450,000 each as soon as the aircraft’s design had been decided upon (History Heads: â€Å"The Comet cover-up†), and this was a significant incentive for De Havilland to complete the Comet safely and swiftly. If the B OAC placed so much confidence in De Havilland’s product and other airlines could witness the aircraft’s success, this would garner tremendous support for the Comet and De Havilland overseas. In its design of the Comet, De Havilland used two nonstandard design techniques that contributed significantly to the aircraft failures. The first was that the company heavily employed Redux metal-to-metal bonding in which a strong, light aluminum alloy was fixed to the frame of the aircraft with a very strong adhesive during the Redux process. The engineers based their decision to use that technique primarily on the fact that the Comet’s initial design had a large weight and that its four Ghost engines, also built by De Havilland, could not support it with their thrust.

What is succession planning?

Succession planning can be considered a company’s passport to ensuring its sustainability and business continuity. Organisations, big or small, have their competent and hardworking people as their backbone. Without them, their success will not be possible even if they put in a lot of investment in high technology and advanced machineries. It’s one thing, though, to have a pool of qualified and high-potential talent; it’s another thing to ensure that they are in the right positions to maximise their talents and sustain their motivation. The problem comes in when an employee who is currently occupying a critical function becomes unable to perform his or her duties for whatever reason. The company must then be able to identify a key talent from within the organisation who can fill up the void, and this is where succession planning comes into play. Succession planning is an exercise that companies do to ascertain that they have strong, experienced and knowledgeable senior managers who can serve as mentors to promising junior officers who can (and will one day) take on more critical roles and hopefully lead the company to greater success. Succession planning is about making sure that there is a qualified and competent manager who can assume greater responsibilities as the need arises and at any given time. Like in any sports team, the coach relies on a deep bench of â€Å"second team† members to replace a â€Å"starter† player when necessary. In addition, succession planning is anchored on the company’s strategic goals. For instance, if the company decides to expand its business beyond its current service area, top management needs to identify qualified talents who can occupy new posts as a result of a new deal closed or replace senior managers in the parent company who will be seconded to the subsidiary. This means that top management must constantly be on the lookout for possible changes within the organisation and quickly identify the manpower implications of these developments. Organisations that have successfully institutionalised succession planning in their organisation have integrated it into their day-to-day business operations. Succession planning is a continuous activity and not just a periodic thing. Key Elements of Succession Planning The first step to a successful succession planning is having a comprehensive and effective talent mapping and assessment system. Here, the company needs to define the skills set and competencies required for a particular rank and / or function in order to evaluate if all its employees are placed in the position that is most suited for them. Moreover, the company should be able to identify and provide development opportunities and growth areas for each key employee. Furthermore, the company should classify an employee as a high-potential talent, average performer or one that is unreliable and unmotivated. This is to make sure that the company allots more time and resources to develop the right people for the job. This means that a high-potential talent will be given more training and development programs and will be exposed to more growth opportunities compared with an average performer. Another key element in succession planning is to ensure that there is a regular performance evaluation system in place especially for key and emerging talents in the organisation. For most companies, this is done annually; for some semi-annually or even quarterly. Whatever the case is, the company should set clear, quantifiable, measurable and realistic targets against which an employee will be evaluated. Through this, top management will be able to see who among their employees are performing well against their deliverables. If there is a nonperforming employee, the company should find out the underlying cause for this because it might be a case of mismatch between the employee’s skills set and the role that he or she is being asked to perform. The company then should be quick to rectify this problem by moving that employee to a more appropriate position for him and find a more suitable talent who can take his or her place. Companies should also establish a mentoring mechanism and encourage their senior managers to always have an understudy who they think can assume their roles in the future. This understudy or apprentice will shadow the senior manager and help him or her perform critical tasks to develop the needed leadership and management skills. Moreover, companies should foster a working environment where there is flow of information from senior to junior managers and vice-versa. Talent retention is also an important element in succession planning. Companies should invest in making their employees happy and satisfied by providing financial (e. g. rewards and incentives) and non-financial â€Å"gifts† (e. g. employee recognition programs, good healthcare plan, training and development programs, safe and healthy working environment, etc. ). This, then, allows more time for seasoned managers to transfer their knowledge and share their experience to their younger colleagues so that when the time comes, junior officers can step up to the challenge. Benefits of Effective Succession Planning An effective succession planning can bring about benefits both to the company and the employees. First, the company can be assured of a stable business anchored on a strong senior management team and an equally-reliable pool of second stringers composed of trained and groomed junior employees. This, in turn, will make investors and shareholders more confident about the future of the company, which hopefully leads to increased shareholder value. On the part of the customers, they will also be assured that their service provider is in good hands and will be able to cater to their long-term needs. Moreover, good succession planning will save the company time and money in externally sourcing the talent who can best fill in the vacant position. External talents, no matter how brilliant they are, need ample time to understand the business and blend with the organisation. In the same manner, employees will benefit from an effective succession planning system as this will meet their career development requirements and make their existing and future roles clearer. High-potential employees will also appreciate the company’s taking notice of them and providing them with more top-level training and development programs. They will surely feel that they are given importance to by the company. Finally, succession planning gives employees a sense of stability, knowing that they have a long-term career path with the company. This, in turn, will make the employees more motivated, optimistic and forward-looking.